How to program the display

We need to know:

How to program the PCF8574

Understand the HD44780 display controller

Understand the interface between the two

Since the display can be used for many different purposes,

writing a library is the thing to do!

A data byte to be sent

We will therefore need a great deal of bit fiddling

to create this data byte and to modify it to

• Set the back light on or off
• To send a pulse on the E (strobe) line

• bitwise or operator: |
• bitwise and operator: &
• bit inversion: ~

The I/O expander

As you can see from the block diagram, the central part of the device

is a shift register. It can actually do both:

• serial to parallel conversion (write)
  
  
• and parallel to serial conversion (read)

From the data sheet

This means that when reading, we will read back

what has been written before, if the signals are pure output signals.

Since the device will put all pins high with a low pull-up current,

external signals can easily pull the pins low

and thus you can read the state of these signals

The HD44780

• Reset the display
• Clear it
• Have cursor functions
  • Enable/disable the cursor
  • Move it, “Home” it ..
  • Make it blink.
• Have character generators in ROM or
  provide RAM memory to download character matrices (or both)
• Allow to send characters and convert the ASCII code to
  dot matrices understood by the display
  
  
• Switch from one line to the next

HD44780 block diagram

HD44780 registers

The HD44780 has a single register select pin (RS)

indicating that there must be writable 2 registers:

• IR: the instruction register
  
  
• DR: the data register

indicating that it performs an internal operation

and cannot take another command a this very moment.

Then there is an address counter which increments each time

the DR is written, thus pointing to the display data RAM (DDRAM)

location where the next character will be written.

The DDRAM

The Display Data RAM stores data in 8 bit character codes.

It has a size of 80 characters which in our case corresponds

to 2 lines of 40 chars (of which only 2*16 will be used.

2*16 character display

Converting the 8bit code to a dot matrix

The hd44780 contains a character ROM which will convert the

8 bit character code (mainly ascii code) to

• a 5*8 dot matrix with 208 predefined characters
  (this is what we will use)
• a 5*10 dot matrix with 32 characters

create up to 8 5*8 dot matrices yourself

Character Generator

Dot matrix and the display

Interfacing to the MPU

The HD44780 can be controlled with 8 or with 4 data bits.

In 4 bit mode (this is what we use) with the lower 4 MPU bits

connected to d4-d7 while the upper 4 MPU bits are used to drive.

The hd44780 data lines d0 – d3 are disabled

The upper four bits are used to drive

• RS (register select)
• RW (read / write)
• Strobe (E=enable)
• and back light

Instruction Summary

Instruction Summary (2)

Writing to the HD44780 in 4-bit mode

In order to write to the IR or DR of the HD44780 in 4-bit mode we must:

• Prepare an 8 bit value and put the highest significant
• 4 bits of the data to be written into its lower 4 bits
• Set the R/W bit to low
• Setup the RS bit (0 for IR, 1 for DR)
• Strobe the data into the controller
• Repeat the same thing for the lower significant
  8 bits of the data we want to write
• Keep the BL bit constant

Strobe function

Writing a command and writing data

In my library I define 2 functions:

• hd44780WriteCmd (unsigned char cmd)
• hd44780PutC (char c)

while the second one writes a single character to the DR

Of course these two calls use the strobe function explained before.

In these functions I hide all the details of the 4-bit interface

All subsequent functions will pass through these two basic functions.

hd44780WriteCmd

The initialization procedure

Initialization Procedure (2)

Initialization procedure (code)

These are the instructions:

First we define the function set command

(0x20) with bit 4 set to zero (4 bit interface)

This is written as an 8 bit command (the lower 4 bits are not seen)






Now the controller switches to 4 bit format and

from now on we have to write twice for each

8 bit word sent to the controller.

We re-write the same command in 4 bit mode specifying

the font (5*8 dots) and the no of lines = 2 in addition

These bits were lost in the first (8 bit) transfer