AnAdditionalLectureOnCProgramming < Embedded

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---+ An additional Lecture on C Programming
<h2 align="center">Creating a Signal Generator<br /><br />Uli Raich<br /><br />Course on Embedded Systems<br />UCC semester end 2017</h2>

---++ 
---+ C is too abstract?

I was told that you find the course on C too abstract!<br /><br />
   * What is is good for?
   * What are pointers good for?
   * Why use command line arguments?
   * What has all this to do with embedded systems?
   * Can I use it for my Physics experiments?
---++ 
---+ A pulse generator

A pulse generator is a device you use to test your electronics

(e.g. electronics to read out an experiment

which generates electronic signals

<br />On a professional pulse generator you can:<br /><br />
   * change the wave form<br />sine, rectangular, triangular, sawtooth, <br />arbitrary user defined wave form
   * change the frequency
   * change the pulse height
   * change rise and fall times
   * and many parameters more
---++ 
---+ The oscilloscope

Before using the signal from the pulse generator

you observe the signal on an oscilloscope

How does an oscilloscope work?

What is
   * vertical gain
   * time base
   * auto versus normal, external, single trigger
   * trigger level and trigger position
---++ 
---+ A standard oscilloscope

A standard digital storage oscilloscope uses
   * a very fast (GHz) analogue to digital converter (ADC)
   * plenty of knobs and buttons to select<br />gain, timebase, trigger parameters …
   * a screen to display the input signal
   * Price: ~ 5kUS$ - 50kUS$
I have a 60 US$ oscilloscope

(not useful for professional applications

but ok for the slow signals we produce

with our electronics) featuring:<br /><br />
   * 2 input channels
   * 40 MHz sampling rate (20 MHz band width)
   * No screen
   * USB connection to a computer
---+ Oscilloscope Example

<img alt="scope.png" height="279" src="%ATTACHURL%/scope.png" title="scope.png" width="566" />

---++ 
---+ Our pulse generator

Let us create our own pulse generator!<br />It should provide<br /><br />
   * sine wave
   * rectangular wave
What do we need?<br /><br />
   * A table of numerical values that describes the wave form
   * A digital to analogue converter (DAC) to convert the numbers into a signal level.
---++ 
---+ The DAC

We have a 12 bit DAC, which creates signal

levels from 0V to Vcc

What is the max. number this DAC can take in

decimal and in hex?

What is the signal resolution in ‰

<h1 align="center">%RED% *This is Physics!* %ENDCOLOR%</h1>

---+ DAC access

The DAC has 3 registers with the following bit layout:

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" width="501" />

register 0 takes the lowest 4 bits of the DAC value

register 1 takes the middle 4 bits

register 2 takes the highest 4 bits

RS selects the register

The strobe line (STR) must pulse (go high and low again)

to read/ write the data (R/W line) from/to the DAC

What is the bit combination and sequence to write the

middle 4 bits with the data 0xa

---++ 
---+ Breaking down the problem

Even though this will be still a very small and simple

program, let’s break it down into smaller pieces:

   * Get the wave form from the user through command line arguments
   * Create the wave form within a table of<br />100 short (16 bit) values. The upper 4 bits will always be zero
   * Function to write all 12 data bits to the DAC
---++ 
---+ Check the number of cmd line args

Write a piece of code that checks that the user

has entered 1 arguments

The program prints a “Usage” message and exits if the

no of arguments given by the user is not exactly 1

---++ 
---+ Solution: arg count

<img alt="cmdLineCountv2.png" height="217" src="%ATTACHURL%/cmdLineCountv2.png" title="cmdLineCountv2.png" width="537" />

---++ 
---+ Argument Check

If the no of args is correct we have to check

if the argument given is either<br /><br />
   * “sine”
   * or “rect”
To do this we need a string compare function:

_int strcmp(const char *s1, const char *s2)_

This function returns zero if the 2 strings match

You must include &lt;string.h&gt; to use this function

---++ 
---+ Check the argument

Improve your program to include a check

if the argument given is “sine” or “rect”.

Print an error message it it is not

and a success message if it is.

---++ 
---+ Solution: argument check

<img alt="genWavev2.png" height="604" src="%ATTACHURL%/genWavev2.png" title="genWavev2.png" width="625" />

---++ 
---+ Creating the wave form

As we said, the DAC takes 12 bit values which

can be stored in an array of short (16 bits)

The upper 4 bits of each element will be zero

The generation of the waveform goes into a

separate source file and its associated include file

I give you the example for the sine wave and

you write the code for the rectangular wave

---++ 
---+ Function test

First we create the framework

We will need:<br /><br />
   * the function itself (genWave.c)
   * an include file describing it (genWave.h) and containing <br />definitions needed by it and useful to the calling program
   * a main routine (createWaveForm.c) to call it
---++ 
---+ Write the Test function

Write a test function (genWaveTest.c) taking one argument

(the wave type) and printing which wave type has been selected.

Which definitions should go into the include file?

How do you have to modify the main program

to call the genWave function?

---++ 
---+ Dummy function and test (main)

<img alt="functionTest.png" height="350" src="%ATTACHURL%/functionTest.png" title="functionTest.png" width="417" />

---++ 
---+ The include file

<img alt="includeFile.png" height="237" src="%ATTACHURL%/includeFile.png" title="includeFile.png" width="695" />

---++ 
---+ The test function

<img alt="genWaveTest.png" height="214" src="%ATTACHURL%/genWaveTest.png" title="genWaveTest.png" width="472" />

---++ 
---+ Implementing the function

<img alt="sine.png" height="454" src="%ATTACHURL%/sine.png" title="sine.png" width="531" />

---++ 
---+ Was it correct?

<img alt="gnuplot.png" height="345" src="%ATTACHURL%/gnuplot.png" title="gnuplot.png" width="388" />

---++ 
---+ The rectangular wave form

Write the code for the generation of the rectangular wave form.

The signal should be zero for the first 50 values of the wave,

4095 for the following 50 values

---++ 
---+ Solution: Rectangular wave

<img alt="rectWave.png" height="173" src="%ATTACHURL%/rectWave.png" title="rectWave.png" width="432" />

---++ 
---+ The rectangular wave form

<img alt="gnuplotRect.png" height="387" src="%ATTACHURL%/gnuplotRect.png" title="gnuplotRect.png" width="435" />

---++ 
---+ Bit handling functions

We need to learn a few bit handling operators before

being able to prepare the data for the DAC:

| : bitwise _or_

& : bitwise _and_

data += 5 &lt;=&gt; data = data + 5

data |= 5 &lt;=&gt; data = data | 5

~data: invert all bits in data

data &gt;&gt; 4 all bits in data are shifted right by 4

data &lt;&lt; 4 all bits in data are shifted left by 4

example:

<verbatim>data = 16  00010000
data >> 4  00000001</verbatim>
---+ DAC preparation

Write a function which prepares a byte for the DAC

The functions takes 3 arguments:<br /><br />
   * The data nibble (4 bits of data)
   * The register selection (0,1,2)
   * The read/write bit
   * Leave the strobe bit zero!
What will be the result if you want to write 5

to register to the middle nibble?

---++ 
---+ Solution: DAC preparation

<img alt="sendToHWInclude.png" height="240" src="%ATTACHURL%/sendToHWInclude.png" title="sendToHWInclude.png" width="342" />

---++ 
---+ Now the test program

<img alt="dacPrep.png" height="238" src="%ATTACHURL%/dacPrep.png" title="dacPrep.png" width="501" />

<img alt="dacPrepResult.png" height="31" src="%ATTACHURL%/dacPrepResult.png" title="dacPrepResult.png" width="571" />

---++ 
---+ Strobe

Now create a strobe function which takes DAC data

and generates a strobe signal on the

STR line without touching the other bits

---++ 
---+ Solution: Strobe

<img alt="strobe.png" height="141" src="%ATTACHURL%/strobe.png" title="strobe.png" width="462" />

---++ 
---+ Send one short value to the DAC

Now that we know how to strobe, it is easy to write

a 12 bit value to the DAC

We must do it in 3 steps:
   * "and" out all the bits in the data word <br />except the last 4 (first data nibble)
   * “or” in the rw and register bits (must be reg 0! )<br />and send the dataByte to strobe<br /><br />
   * Shift the data word by for bits and do the same thing <br />(now the register bits must be 1 of course)<br /><br />
   * Shift again by 4 bits and repeat
---++ 
---+ Solution: send one data word

<img alt="sendOneValue.png" height="177" src="%ATTACHURL%/sendOneValue.png" title="sendOneValue.png" width="408" />4

---++ 
---+ ...and the test program for it

<img alt="sendToHWTest.png" height="252" src="%ATTACHURL%/sendToHWTest.png" title="sendToHWTest.png" width="569" />

---++ 
---+ … with the result

<img alt="sendToHWTestResult.png" height="201" src="%ATTACHURL%/sendToHWTestResult.png" title="sendToHWTestResult.png" width="518" />

---++ 
---+ Assembling the whole thing

Now we have all the bits and pieces and

finalizing the project becomes easy.

In the file accessing the hardware we add:

<img alt="sendToDAC.png" height="163" src="%ATTACHURL%/sendToDAC.png" title="sendToDAC.png" width="475" />

and we call this in main.

---++ 
---+ And this is the final result

<img alt="pulseGenResult.png" height="364" src="%ATTACHURL%/pulseGenResult.png" title="pulseGenResult.png" width="537" />

%SLIDESHOWEND%

-- %USERSIG{UliRaich - 2017-10-09}%

---++ Comments

%COMMENT%
Attachments
Topic attachments
I	Attachment	History	Action	Size	Date	Who
png	argCheckv2.png	r1	manage	48.4 K	2017-11-03 - 14:46	UnknownUser
png	checkArgs.png	r1	manage	48.6 K	2017-10-09 - 08:31	UnknownUser
png	cmdLineCount.png	r1	manage	20.8 K	2017-10-09 - 08:31	UnknownUser
png	cmdLineCountv2.png	r1	manage	21.0 K	2017-11-03 - 14:44	UnknownUser
png	createWaveForm.png	r1	manage	63.2 K	2017-10-09 - 08:31	UnknownUser
png	dacPrep.png	r1	manage	42.0 K	2017-10-09 - 08:31	UnknownUser
png	dacPrepResult.png	r1	manage	8.7 K	2017-10-09 - 08:31	UnknownUser
png	functionTest.png	r1	manage	40.2 K	2017-10-09 - 08:31	UnknownUser
png	genWaveTest.png	r1	manage	24.4 K	2017-10-09 - 08:31	UnknownUser
png	genWavev2.png	r1	manage	58.1 K	2017-11-03 - 14:53	UnknownUser
png	gnuplot.png	r1	manage	36.2 K	2017-10-09 - 08:31	UnknownUser
png	gnuplotRect.png	r1	manage	29.1 K	2017-10-09 - 08:32	UnknownUser
png	includeFile.png	r1	manage	35.4 K	2017-10-09 - 08:32	UnknownUser
png	pulseGenResult.png	r1	manage	36.0 K	2017-10-09 - 08:32	UnknownUser
png	rectWave.png	r1	manage	29.0 K	2017-10-09 - 08:32	UnknownUser
png	rectWaveGnuPlot.png	r1	manage	29.2 K	2017-10-09 - 08:32	UnknownUser
png	scope.png	r1	manage	81.0 K	2017-10-09 - 08:32	UnknownUser
png	sendOneValue.png	r1	manage	32.4 K	2017-10-09 - 08:32	UnknownUser
png	sendToDAC.png	r1	manage	29.7 K	2017-10-09 - 08:32	UnknownUser
png	sendToHWInclude.png	r1	manage	28.4 K	2017-10-09 - 08:32	UnknownUser
png	sendToHWTest.png	r1	manage	48.3 K	2017-10-09 - 08:32	UnknownUser
png	sendToHWTestResult.png	r1	manage	29.5 K	2017-10-09 - 08:32	UnknownUser
png	sendWave.png	r1	manage	52.1 K	2017-10-09 - 08:32	UnknownUser
png	sine.png	r1	manage	71.0 K	2017-10-09 - 08:32	UnknownUser
png	sineFunc.png	r1	manage	67.0 K	2017-10-09 - 08:32	UnknownUser
png	strobe.png	r1	manage	45.1 K	2017-10-09 - 08:32	UnknownUser
odp	waveGen.odp	r1	manage	767.6 K	2017-10-16 - 12:39	UnknownUser
gz	waveGen.tar.gz	r1	manage	813.9 K	2017-10-09 - 08:31	UnknownUser
Topic revision: r3 - 2017-11-03 - uli