Lecture11:The2LineLCDDisplay < Embedded

Tags: view all tags
%SLIDESHOWSTART%
---+ The 2 Line LCD Display and its HD44780 Controller
<h1 align="center">The 2 Line LCD Display and its HD44780 Controller</h1> <h2 align="center">Uli Raich</h2> <h2 align="center">UCC semester 2017/2018</h2>

---++ 
---+ Why a simple 2 line display?

Often embedded systems do not have a screen, keyboard and mouse associated with them.

Small devices in the field may nevertheless need to display some values to the user

Small and cheap LCD displays can take over this task

Our display can be used for many purposes (see the open day):
   * Name display
   * Weather station
   * Voltmeter
and there are many more applications

---++ 
---+ Our Display

<img alt="2linedisplay.png" height="328" src="%ATTACHURL%/2linedisplay.png" title="2linedisplay.png" width="492" />

---++ 
---+ Interfacing the display

<img alt="hd44780-pcf8574circuit.png" height="284" src="%ATTACHURL%/hd44780-pcf8574circuit.png" title="hd44780-pcf8574circuit.png" width="624" />

---++ 
---+ The PCF8574 !I2C interface

The PCF8574 I2C I/O expander allows to limit the number of connection wires to just four.<br />It is a kind of a shift register: serial in, parallel out

<img alt="i2c_pcf8574.png" height="292" src="%ATTACHURL%/i2c_pcf8574.png" title="i2c_pcf8574.png" width="439" />

---++ 
---+ How to program the display

We need to know:

How to program the PCF8574

Understand the HD44780 display controller

Understand the interface between the two

Since the display can be used for many different purposes,

writing a library is the thing to do!

---++ 
---+ Interfacing signals
| The display needs a large number of interface signals <br />to be able to work:<br /><br /> <ul> <li>Min. 4 data lines</li> </ul><ul> <li>R/W line</li> </ul><ul> <li>register select</li> </ul><ul> <li>back light</li> </ul><ul> <li>back light power</li> </ul><ul> <li>power</li> </ul><ul> <li>gnd</li> </ul> | <img alt="hd44780_conn.png" height="242" src="%ATTACHURL%/hd44780_conn.png" title="hd44780_conn.png" width="318" /> |
---++ 

---++ 
---+ A data byte to be sent

<img alt="" height="53" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="421" />

We will therefore need a great deal of bit fiddling

to create this data byte and to modify it to <br /><br />
   * Set the back light on or off
   * To send a pulse on the E (strobe) line
Hope you remember the<br /><br />
   * bitwise or operator: |
   * bitwise and operator: &
   * bit inversion: ~
---++ 
---+ The I/O expander

As you can see from the block diagram, the central part of the device

is a shift register. It can actually do both: <br /><br />
   * serial to parallel conversion (write) <br /><br />
   * and parallel to serial conversion (read)
<img alt="pcf8574blockDiag.png" height="360" src="%ATTACHURL%/pcf8574blockDiag.png" title="pcf8574blockDiag.png" width="615" />

---++ 
---+ From the data sheet

<img alt="writepcf8574.png" height="285" src="%ATTACHURL%/writepcf8574.png" title="writepcf8574.png" width="638" />

This means that when reading, we will read back

what has been written before, if the signals are pure output signals.<br /><br />Since the device will put all pins high with a low pull-up current,

external signals can easily pull the pins low

and thus you can read the state of these signals

---+ Writing the to HD4780 controller via the PCF8574

<img alt="pcf8574write.png" height="393" src="%ATTACHURL%/pcf8574write.png" title="pcf8574write.png" width="810" />

---++ 
---+ Writing to PCF8574 via pigpio

Even though it looks complicated at first sight,

writing a data byte to the hd44780 controller via the

pcf8574 I/O extender is actually pretty simple:

<img alt="i2c_write_byte.png" height="149" src="%ATTACHURL%/i2c_write_byte.png" title="i2c_write_byte.png" width="647" />

After this instruction the 8 data bits of bVal lie at the input of the hd44780 controller.

---++ 
---+ The HD44780

The controller must generate the signals needed to driver the

LCD display and it must provide instructions to
   * Reset the display
   * Clear it
   * Have cursor functions
      * Enable/disable the cursor
      * Move it, “Home” it ..
      * Make it blink.
   * Have character generators in ROM or <br />provide RAM memory to download character matrices (or both)
   * Allow to send characters and convert the ASCII code to <br />dot matrices understood by the display<br /><br />
   * Switch from one line to the next
---++ 
---+ HD44780 block diagram

<img alt="hd4780blockDiag.png" height="597" src="%ATTACHURL%/hd4780blockDiag.png" title="hd4780blockDiag.png" width="514" />

---+ The HD44780 library

As already explained several times, a library must supply:<br /><br />
   * The binary code: libhd44780.so
   * The include file hd44780.h
---++ 
---+ The function prototypes

<img alt="libFunctions.png" height="319" src="%ATTACHURL%/libFunctions.png" title="libFunctions.png" width="448" />

---++ 
---+ Using the library

In addition to the prototypes, have a look at the [[https://afnog.iotworkshop.africa/libDoc/hd44780/][doxygen ]]documentation

and you should be able to program the display.

Of course you have to include

-I/opt/ucc/include in your CFLAGS

-L/opt/ucc/lib in your LDFLAGS

and -lhd4780 in your LDLIBS

However, we want to understand what is happening behind the scene!

---++ 
---+ Testing access

Before starting to write the library we must first test if<br /><br />
   * We can initialize the device ?
   * We can write something to it and read it back ?
   * Or can we find any other function showing us that the device responds?
---++ 
---+ Back light

To give us some confidence, let’s try to switch the back light on and off:<br /><br />This one is easy as it does not access the hd44780.

It does test the PCF8574 though!

Switching bit 7 in the data word does the trick.

Later we will read a byte from the display and and/or bit seven

into the byte read before writing it back.

---++ 
---+ HD44780 registers

The HD44780 has a single register select pin (RS)

indicating that there must be writable 2 registers:<br /><br />
   * IR: the instruction register<br /><br />
   * DR: the data register
In addition the controller has a busy flag that can be read,

indicating that it performs an internal operation

and cannot take another command a this very moment.

Then there is an address counter which increments each time

the DR is written, thus pointing to the display data RAM (DDRAM)

location where the next character will be written.

---++ 
---+ The DDRAM

The <b><span style="color: mediumslateblue;">D</span></b>isplay <b>%BLUE%D%ENDCOLOR%</b>ata *%BLUE%RAM%ENDCOLOR%* stores data in 8 bit character codes.

It has a size of 80 characters which in our case corresponds

to 2 lines of 40 chars (of which only 2*16 will be used.

<img alt="ddram.png" height="142" src="%ATTACHURL%/ddram.png" title="ddram.png" width="608" />
---++ 
---+ 2*16 character display

<img alt="216displayDDRAM.png" height="312" src="%ATTACHURL%/216displayDDRAM.png" title="216displayDDRAM.png" width="393" />

---++ 
---+ Converting the 8bit code to a dot matrix

The hd44780 contains a character ROM which will convert the

8 bit character code (mainly ascii code) to <br /><br />
   * a 5*8 dot matrix with 208 predefined characters<br />(this is what we will use)
   * a 5*10 dot matrix with 32 characters
There is also a Character Generator RAM where you can

create up to 8 5*8 dot matrices yourself

---++ 
---+ Character Generator

<img alt="charGen.png" height="592" src="%ATTACHURL%/charGen.png" title="charGen.png" width="501" />

---++ 
---+ Dot matrix and the display

<img alt="intfce2displ.png" height="291" src="%ATTACHURL%/intfce2displ.png" title="intfce2displ.png" width="488" />

---++ 
---+ Interfacing to the MPU

The HD44780 can be controlled with 8 or with 4 data bits.<br /><br />In 4 bit mode (this is what we use) with the higher 4 MPU bits

connected to d4-d7. The hd44780 data lines d0 – d3 are disabled<br /><br />

The lower four bits are used to drive
   * RS (register select)
   * RW (read / write)
   * Strobe (E=enable)
   * and back light
In this case the four highest significant data bits are sent first.<br /><br /><img alt="" height="59" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="469" />

---+ Instruction Summary

<img alt="instructions.png" height="402" src="%ATTACHURL%/instructions.png" title="instructions.png" width="516" />

---++ 
---+ Instruction Summary (2)

<img alt="instructions-2.png" height="315" src="%ATTACHURL%/instructions-2.png" title="instructions-2.png" width="510" />

---++ 
---+ Writing to the HD44780 in 4-bit mode

In order to write to the IR or DR of the HD44780 in 4-bit mode we must:<br /><br />
   * Prepare an 8 bit value and put the highest significant
   * 4 bits of the data to be written into its lower 4 bits
   * Set the R/W bit to low
   * Setup the RS bit (0 for IR, 1 for DR)
   * Strobe the data into the controller
   * Repeat the same thing for the lower significant <br />8 bits of the data we want to write
   * Keep the BL bit constant
---++ 
---+ Strobe function

<img alt="strobe.png" height="434" src="%ATTACHURL%/strobe.png" title="strobe.png" width="652" />

---++ 
---+ Writing a command and writing data

In my library I define 2 functions:<br /><br />
   * hd44780WriteCmd (unsigned char cmd)
   * hd44780PutC (char c)
As you would guess, the first command writes the IR register,

while the second one writes a single character to the DR

Of course these two calls use the strobe function explained before.

In these functions I hide all the details of the 4-bit interface

All subsequent functions will pass through these two basic functions.

---++ 
---+ hd44780WriteCmd

<img alt="writeWmd.png" height="452" src="%ATTACHURL%/writeWmd.png" title="writeWmd.png" width="664" />

---++ 

---+ Timing diagrams 4 bit mode

<img alt="4bitdataTransfer.png" height="368" src="%ATTACHURL%/4bitdataTransfer.png" title="4bitdataTransfer.png" width="767" />

---++ 
---+ The initialization procedure

<img alt="initProc1.png" height="464" src="%ATTACHURL%/initProc1.png" title="initProc1.png" width="725" />

---++ 
---+ Initialization Procedure (2)

<img alt="initProc2.png" height="285" src="%ATTACHURL%/initProc2.png" title="initProc2.png" width="715" />

---++ 
---+ Initialization procedure (code)

These are the instructions:

First we define the function set command

(0x20) with bit 4 set to zero (4 bit interface)

This is written as an 8 bit command (the lower 4 bits are not seen)<br /><br /><img alt="bits.png" height="34" src="%ATTACHURL%/bits.png" title="bits.png" width="456" /><br /><img alt="functionSet.png" height="40" src="%ATTACHURL%/functionSet.png" title="functionSet.png" width="612" /><br /><br /><br /><br />Now the controller switches to 4 bit format and

from now on we have to write twice for each

8 bit word sent to the controller.

We re-write the same command in 4 bit mode specifying

the font (5*8 dots) and the no of lines = 2 in addition

These bits were lost in the first (8 bit) transfer

%SLIDESHOWEND%

-- %USERSIG{UliRaich - 2017-11-06}%

---++ Comments

%COMMENT%
Attachments
Topic attachments
I	Attachment	History	Action	Size	Date	Who
png	216displayDDRAM.png	r1	manage	25.6 K	2017-11-12 - 14:26	UnknownUser
png	2linedisplay.png	r1	manage	873.1 K	2017-11-06 - 15:33	UnknownUser
png	4bitTransfer.png	r1	manage	24.0 K	2017-11-06 - 15:33	UnknownUser
png	4bitdataTransfer.png	r1	manage	28.0 K	2017-11-06 - 15:33	UnknownUser
png	bits.png	r1	manage	4.3 K	2017-11-12 - 14:26	UnknownUser
png	charGen.png	r1	manage	84.7 K	2017-11-12 - 14:26	UnknownUser
png	ddram.png	r1	manage	11.0 K	2017-11-12 - 14:46	UnknownUser
png	displaySignals.png	r1	manage	16.0 K	2017-11-06 - 15:33	UnknownUser
png	functionSet.png	r1	manage	6.2 K	2017-11-12 - 14:26	UnknownUser
png	hd44780-pcf8574circuit.png	r1	manage	66.4 K	2017-11-16 - 17:46	UnknownUser
png	hd44780_conn.png	r1	manage	32.6 K	2017-11-16 - 17:54	UnknownUser
png	hd4780blockDiag.png	r1	manage	49.1 K	2017-11-12 - 14:26	UnknownUser
png	i2c_pcf8574.png	r1	manage	1014.0 K	2017-11-06 - 15:33	UnknownUser
png	i2c_write_byte.png	r1	manage	14.9 K	2017-11-06 - 16:10	UnknownUser
png	initProc1.png	r1	manage	29.9 K	2017-11-12 - 14:26	UnknownUser
png	initProc2.png	r1	manage	27.7 K	2017-11-12 - 14:26	UnknownUser
png	instructions-2.png	r1	manage	40.0 K	2017-11-12 - 14:27	UnknownUser
png	instructions.png	r1	manage	44.2 K	2017-11-12 - 14:27	UnknownUser
png	intfce2displ.png	r1	manage	14.9 K	2017-11-12 - 14:47	UnknownUser
odp	lecture_11.odp	r1	manage	2704.6 K	2017-11-16 - 18:31	UnknownUser
png	libFunctions.png	r1	manage	28.5 K	2017-11-06 - 15:33	UnknownUser
png	pcf8574blockDiag.png	r1	manage	23.0 K	2017-11-12 - 14:27	UnknownUser
png	pcf8574write.png	r1	manage	33.8 K	2017-11-06 - 16:08	UnknownUser
png	strobe.png	r1	manage	68.3 K	2017-11-12 - 14:30	UnknownUser
png	writeWmd.png	r1	manage	72.3 K	2017-11-12 - 15:01	UnknownUser
png	writepcf8574.png	r1	manage	52.8 K	2017-11-12 - 14:30	UnknownUser
Topic revision: r7 - 2018-12-11 - IsaacArmahMensah